Lack of acute or chronic effects of epicatechin-rich and procyanidin-rich apple extracts on blood pressure and cardiometabolic biomarkers in adults with moderately elevated blood pressure: a randomized, placebo-controlled crossover trial.

Hollands W. J., Tapp H., Defernez M., Perez-Moral N., Winterbone M. S., Philo M., Lucey A. J., Kiely M. E., Kroon P. A.. (2018)

The American journal of clinical nutrition, 108, 1006-1014

The reported effects of flavanol-rich foods such as cocoa, dark chocolate, and apples on blood pressure and endothelial function may be due to the monomeric flavanols [mainly (-)-epicatechin (EC)], the oligomeric flavanols [procyanidins (PCs)], or other components. Reports of well-controlled intervention studies that test the effects of isolated oligomeric flavanols on biomarkers of cardiovascular health are lacking.

The American journal of clinical nutrition, 108, 1006-1014

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